psychology question and need the explanation and answer to help me learn.
This assignment is related to your Chapter 9 (Salkind) material.
Always save a copy of your responses to the individual assignments before you submit them (either by taking a picture of your answers or by copying and pasting your answers into a word document). You will need them for you discussion assignment and you will not always have access to your responses after you submit them.
For this assignment, you will read a few example studies and try to figure out the null and alternative hypotheses, and what the type I and type II errors would be in those situations.
Here’s an Example to give you an idea about what you’ll be doing: A researcher is interested in testing whether a new therapy for adolescent depression works to reduce depression. He measures depression before and after the therapy and he expects depression levels to decrease after therapy.
Hypotheses: Null Hypothesis: H0: depression after therapy ≥ depression before therapy (in other words, depression is the same or worse after therapy than it was before therapy);
Alternative Hypothesis: H1: depression after therapy < depression before therapy (in other words, depression is lower after therapy than it was before). This hypothesis is directional
Type I error: The researcher concludes that depression decreases after therapy, when in reality depression is the same or worse after therapy (in other words, the researcher concludes that the therapy works to reduce depression, when in reality it did not!).
Type II error: The concludes that depression levels are the same after therapy, when in reality they get better (in other words, the researcher concludes that the therapy did not work to reduce depression, when in reality it did!)
For some questions, you'll get to choose from multiple choice options. For others, you'll have to write out our own response.
Requirements: 500
Question 1
Scenario A. A researcher is interested in comparing the effectiveness of different forms of social media advertising. She has company A (Vance Refrigeration) create and deploy targeted ads, and she has Company 2 (Dunder Mifflin Paper Company) engage in ads via endorsements from relevant social media influencers. She then compares the sales rates of the two companies during the two ad campaigns. What is the null hypothesis for this scenario?
-H0: sales rates at company 1 < sales rates at company 2
-H0: sales rates at company 1 ≠sales rates at company 2
-H0: sales rates at company 1 = sales rates a company 2
-H0: sales rates at company 1 > sales rates at company 2
Question 2
Scenario A. A researcher is interested in comparing the effectiveness of different forms of social media advertising. She has company A (Vance Refrigeration) create and deploy targeted ads, and she has Company 2 (Dunder Mifflin Paper Company) engage in ads via endorsements from relevant social media influencers. She then compares the sales rates of the two companies during the two ad campaigns. What is the alternative hypothesis for this scenario? Pay attention to whether it is directional or non-directional
-H1: sales rates at company 1 < sales rates at company 2
-H1: sales rates at company 1 = sales rates at company 2
-H1: sales rates at company 1 > sales rates at company 2
-H1: sales rates at company 1 ≥ sales rates at company 2
-H1: sales rates at company 1 ≤ sales rates at company 2
-H1: sales rates at company 1 ≠sales rates at company 2
Question 3
Scenario A. A researcher is interested in comparing the effectiveness of different forms of social media advertising. She has company A (Vance Refrigeration) create and deploy targeted ads, and she has Company 2 (Dunder Mifflin Paper Company) engage in ads via endorsements from relevant social media influencers. She then compares the sales rates of the two companies during the two ad campaigns. What would be a type I error for this scenario? See the example question for guidance!
Question 4
Scenario A. A researcher is interested in comparing the effectiveness of different forms of social media advertising. She has company A (Vance Refrigeration) create and deploy targeted ads, and she has Company 2 (Dunder Mifflin Paper Company) engage in ads via endorsements from relevant social media influencers. She then compares the sales rates of the two companies during the two ad campaigns. What would be a type II error for this scenario?
Question 5
Scenario B. A pediatrician is interested in whether deep breathing can alleviate the distress that children experience when receiving routine vaccines during wellness checks. She randomly assigns her 2 year old patients to either receive brief instructions on how to use deep breathing techniques or to receive no instruction prior to receiving routine vaccines. She expects that the children who receive the deep breathing instruction will show less distress during the vaccines than the children who did not receive the instructions. Is this a directional or non-directional hypothesis?
-Directional
-Non-Directional
Question 6
Scenario B. A pediatrician is interested in whether deep breathing can alleviate the distress that children experience when receiving routine vaccines during wellness checks. She randomly assigns her 2 year old patients to either receive brief instructions on how to use deep breathing techniques or to receive no instruction prior to receiving routine vaccines. She expects that the children who receive the deep breathing instruction will show less distress during the vaccines than the children who did not receive the instructions. What is the null hypothesis for this scenario?
Question 7
Scenario B. A pediatrician is interested in whether deep breathing can alleviate the distress that children experience when receiving routine vaccines during wellness checks. She randomly assigns her 2 year old patients to either receive brief instructions on how to use deep breathing techniques or to receive no instruction prior to receiving routine vaccines. She expects that the children who receive the deep breathing instruction will show less distress during the vaccines than the children who did not receive the instructions. What is the alternative hypothesis for this scenario?
Question 8
Scenario B. A pediatrician is interested in whether deep breathing can alleviate the distress that children experience when receiving routine vaccines during wellness checks. She randomly assigns her 2 year old patients to either receive brief instructions on how to use deep breathing techniques or to receive no instruction prior to receiving routine vaccines. She expects that the children who receive the deep breathing instruction will show less distress during the vaccines than the children who did not receive the instructions. What would be a type I error for this scenario?
T-he pediatrician concludes that deep breathing does not work to alleviate distress, when in reality the distress levels were the same for the children who did and did not receive the deep breathing instruction.
-The pediatrician concludes that deep breathing works to alleviate distress, when in reality it did not work.
-The pediatrician concludes that deep breathing works to alleviate distress, when in reality the children who had the deep breathing instruction were less distressed than the children who did not.
-The pediatrician concludes that deep breathing does not work to alleviate distress, when in reality it does work to alleviate distress.
Question 9
Scenario B. A pediatrician is interested in whether deep breathing can alleviate the distress that children experience when receiving routine vaccines during wellness checks. She randomly assigns her 2 year old patients to either receive brief instructions on how to use deep breathing techniques or to receive no instruction prior to receiving routine vaccines. She expects that the children who receive the deep breathing instruction will show less distress during the vaccines than the children who did not receive the instructions. What would be a type II error for this scenario?
-The pediatrician concludes that deep breathing does not work to alleviate distress, when in reality the distress levels were the same for the children who did and did not receive the deep breathing instruction.
-The pediatrician concludes that deep breathing works to alleviate distress, when in reality it did not work.
-The pediatrician concludes that deep breathing does not work to alleviate distress, when in reality it does work to alleviate distress.
-The pediatrician concludes that deep breathing works to alleviate distress, when in reality the children who had the deep breathing instruction were less distressed than the children who did not.
Question 10
Scenario C. David sees an ad for a new bug spray (bugsBEEgone) that promises to prevent bug bites better than the other leading product. He decides to test this out by assigning participants into two groups: one using the new bug repellent and another using a commercially available bug repellent as a control. The study will measure the number of insect bites received by each participant during outdoor activities. His goal is to test whether bugsBEEgone repels bugs better than his old brand.
Is this a directional or non-directional hypothesis?
-Directional
-Non-Directional
Question 11
Scenario C. David sees an ad for a new bug spray (bugsBEEgone) that promises to prevent bug bites better than the other leading product. He decides to test this out by assigning participants into two groups: one using the new bug repellent and another using a commercially available bug repellent as a control. The study will measure the number of insect bites received by each participant during outdoor activities. His goal is to test whether bugsBEEgone repels bugs better than his old brand. What is the null hypothesis for this scenario?
-H0: Number of bites with bugsBEEgone > Number of bites with the other brand
-H0: Number of bites with bugsBEEgone < Number of bites with the other brand
-H0: Number of bites with bugsBEEgone ≠ Number of bites with the other brand
-H0: Number of bites with bugsBEEgone ≥ Number of bites with the other brand
Question 12
Scenario C. David sees an ad for a new bug spray (bugsBEEgone) that promises to prevent bug bites better than the other leading product. He decides to test this out by assigning participants into two groups: one using the new bug repellent and another using a commercially available bug repellent as a control. The study will measure the number of insect bites received by each participant during outdoor activities. His goal is to test whether bugsBEEgone repels bugs better than his old brand. What is the alternative hypothesis for this scenario?
-H1: Number of bites with bugsBEEgone ≠ Number of bites with the other brand
-H1: Number of bites with bugsBEEgone = Number of bites with the other brand
-H1: Number of bites with bugsBEEgone ≤ Number of bites with the other brand
-H1: Number of bites with bugsBEEgone < Number of bites with the other brand
-H1: Number of bites with bugsBEEgone > Number of bites with the other brand
-H1: Number of bites with bugsBEEgone ≥ Number of bites with the other brand
Question 13
Scenario C. David sees an ad for a new bug spray (bugsBEEgone) that promises to prevent bug bites better than the other leading product. He decides to test this out by assigning participants into two groups: one using the new bug repellent and another using a commercially available bug repellent as a control. The study will measure the number of insect bites received by each participant during outdoor activities. His goal is to test whether bugsBEEgone repels bugs better than his old brand. What would be a Type I error for this scenario?
Question 14
Scenario C. David sees an ad for a new bug spray (bugsBEEgone) that promises to prevent bug bites better than the other leading product. He decides to test this out by assigning participants into two groups: one using the new bug repellent and another using a commercially available bug repellent as a control. The study will measure the number of insect bites received by each participant during outdoor activities. His goal is to test whether bugsBEEgone repels bugs better than his old brand. What would be a type II error for this scenario?
Question 15
Scenario D. A researcher is interested in examining whether elementary school students’ social skills changed after the pandemic Should we test this using a directional or non-directional hypothesis?
-Non-Directional
-Directional
Question 16
Scenario D. A researcher is interested in examining whether elementary school students’ social skills changed after the pandemic. What is the null hypothesis for this scenario?
-H0: Social skills decreased after the pandemic.
-H0: Social skills did change after the pandemic.
-H0: Social skills did not change after the pandemic.
-H0: Social skills increased after the pandemic.
-H0: Social skills did were the same or higher after the pandemic.
Question 17
Scenario D. A researcher is interested in examining whether elementary school students’ social skills changed after the pandemic. What is the alternative hypothesis for this scenario?
-H1: Social skills increased after the pandemic.
-H1: Social skills did not change after the pandemic.
-H1: Social skills did change after the pandemic.
-H1: Social skills decreased after the pandemic.
Question 18
Scenario D. A researcher is interested in examining whether elementary school students’ social skills changed after the pandemic. What is a type I error for this scenario?
-The researcher concludes that social skills changed after the pandemic, when in reality it did not change at all.
-The researcher concludes that social skills stayed the same after the pandemic, when in reality it did change.
-The researcher concludes that social skills changed after the pandemic, when in reality it did change.
-The researcher concludes that social skills did not change after the pandemic, when in reality it stayed the same.
Question 19
Scenario D. A researcher is interested in examining whether elementary school students’ social skills changed after the pandemic. What is a type II error for this scenario?
-The researcher concludes that social skills did not change after the pandemic, when in reality it stayed the same.
-The researcher concludes that social skills changed after the pandemic, when in reality it did not change at all.
-The researcher concludes that social skills stayed the same after the pandemic, when in reality it did change.
-The researcher concludes that social skills changed after the pandemic, when in reality it did change.
Question 20
In this discussion you’re going to come up with your own research scenario (like the ones above). This must be your own original study idea. You may not copy and paste or get your answers from other internet sources.
I. Post the following:
a. create your own “Example Experiment” similar to the questions in the Individual Assignment. This can be about any topic you want. Take a look back at the individual assignment # 9 if you want some examples. Please write your own answers to this question, copying and pasting from the internet to get the answer will not be acceptable.
II. Reply the following:
a. Select a group member’s post and reply by stating the Type I and Type II error for that scenario.
b. State whether their hypothesis is directional or non-directional.
